Remedy in case of calcium deficiency in apple trees
Apple trees suffering from calcium deficiency exhibit a range of symptoms, including early forms of bitter pit and spongy tissue beneath the skin without rot. Red and black spots that appear before harvest must be carefully distinguished between invasive diseases and physiological conditions. Invasive diseases cause rapid expansion and internal rot, while calcium-deficient spots develop into dark, sunken areas without rot, commonly known as bitter acne. To check for calcium deficiency, gently cut the skin with a knife. If the flesh feels spongy, it indicates a deficiency during fruit enlargement. If the subcutaneous tissue appears normal, it suggests a deficiency during ripening. Calcium-deficient apples often lose cell-to-cell adhesion, leading to softened cell walls and ruptured cells. Beyond these symptoms, other signs such as bitter pit, water core, and fruit splitting may also occur.
Calcium deficiency in apple trees stems from both internal and external factors. Internally, calcium moves slowly within the plant, and its uptake from the soil is a gradual process. The movement of calcium through the xylem relies on transpiration from leaves, which is strongest in mature leaves. Younger leaves, buds, and fruits receive less calcium due to limited transpiration. Additionally, the phloem transports very little calcium, making it difficult for plants to redistribute calcium from older parts to younger tissues. This biological limitation makes young, growing tissues most vulnerable to calcium deficiency.
Externally, several factors contribute to calcium deficiency. Long-term use of chemical fertilizers depletes essential micronutrients, leading to severe calcium depletion. Excessive nitrogen, phosphate, or potassium fertilizers can interfere with calcium absorption. Prolonged drought reduces soil moisture below 50% of its capacity, impairing transpiration and calcium transport. Waterlogging also causes deficiencies by disrupting root function. During fruit development, heavy rains combined with poor light conditions can hinder calcium movement, resulting in red and black spots, bitterness, and other issues.
To prevent and treat calcium deficiency, farmers should adopt a multi-pronged approach. First, reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and focus on organic amendments like compost and siliceous calcium sources (e.g., calcium magnesium phosphate). These improve soil structure and increase available calcium over time. Second, apply calcium-rich fertilizers during the root growth period in March. Third, foliar sprays of amino acid calcium or chelated calcium solutions can provide quick relief—spraying 5–6 times during key growth stages like flowering and fruit set. Fourth, proper pruning enhances light penetration to inner branches, improving overall tree health. Fifth, ensure adequate irrigation during dry periods, maintaining soil moisture at 60–70% of its maximum capacity. Sixth, maintain good drainage to avoid waterlogging. Seventh, during rainy periods, spray fruit with amino acid calcium solution when possible. Finally, before harvest, apply calcium sprays to protect against post-harvest disorders like bitter pit, water core, and fruit splitting.
By combining long-term soil improvement with targeted treatments, farmers can effectively manage calcium deficiency in apple orchards.
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