Fresh cassava fermentation and feeding method
The application of this processing technology is not limited to potatoes but can also be used for other root crops such as fresh sweet potatoes and cassava. It involves a fermentation process that enhances nutritional value while eliminating harmful substances. This technique is widely utilized in the feed industry, serving animal husbandry by improving feed quality and efficiency.
Fresh cassava roots contain approximately 70% water, 1% protein, 0.2% crude fat, and around 28% starch, along with rich vitamin content. However, they also contain high levels of hydrogen cyanide, a toxic compound that can cause poisoning if fed directly to animals. To make it safe and more nutritious, a roughage degradation agent is used. This method effectively removes toxins, allows direct feeding without cooking, and significantly improves digestibility and nutrient absorption.
The key step in cassava treatment is fermenting out the hydrogen cyanide. Fresh cassava also contains a lot of pectin, which increases acidity and makes decomposition difficult. Therefore, it's best to shred or chop the cassava into small pieces. A typical formula includes 400 kg of shredded cassava, 60 kg of rice bran or wheat bran, 20 kg of corn flour, one packet of roughage degrading agent, half a package of 99 raw yeast (mixed with 10 kg of corn flour), 1.5 kg of salt, 1 kg of urea (to increase protein content), and 30 kg of soybean meal. Mix all ingredients thoroughly, press them into a container, and seal it tightly with plastic film. Ferment for at least ten days until an aromatic smell develops—either wine-like or sour.
If the premix is insufficient during fermentation, especially if it doesn’t contain antibiotics that could inhibit microbial activity, you can add 4% premix per 100 kg of fermented material. In this case, avoid adding extra salt. After fermentation, the product can replace part of the full-feed ration.
No additional water should be added; all moisture comes from the raw materials. The final water content is about 56%. Although the mixture looks dry initially, it becomes moist during fermentation. The crude protein level after fermentation reaches 12% or higher.
When feeding, if the material is too acidic, a small amount of baking soda can be added to neutralize it—about 1–3 kg per 100 kg. Sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate powder should be added before feeding, not during storage.
Feeding should not be too monotonous. Pure degraded cassava is mainly an energy source and lacks protein. It’s best to mix it with other feeds. For example, add protein sources like cottonseed meal during fermentation to improve overall nutrition. Also, during the process, other ingredients like rapeseed meal can be detoxified simultaneously.
Before feeding, it’s advisable to expose the fermented cassava to air to allow any remaining toxins to evaporate completely.
For reference, here is a basic formula for feeding pigs using pure degraded cassava (without soybean meal). Since the fermented material is wet, multiply the weight by two when preparing feed. For instance, if you need 100 kg of feed, use 40 kg of fermented cassava instead of 20 kg.
A sample formula for pigs:
- 20% degraded cassava
- 35% corn flour
- 26% soybean meal
- 3% fish meal
- 15% wheat bran
- 1% calcium hydrogen phosphate
- 1% bone meal
- 1% premix additive
For pigs over 100 kg:
- 30% degraded cassava
- 30% corn flour
- 18% soybean meal
- 7% peanut bran or cotton bran
- 12% wheat bran or polished rice
- 1% calcium hydrogen phosphate
- 1% bone meal
- 1% premix additive
If 4% premix is added during fermentation along with soybean meal, the fermented material can directly replace part of the full feed. When first introducing it, start with 10% fermented material mixed with 90% full feed. If the pig adapts well, gradually increase the ratio every three days, up to a maximum of 40%.
Another method of using cassava is slicing, boiling, drying, and grinding it into flour. Four pounds of fresh cassava yield about one pound of flour. This improves digestion and absorption. It’s recommended to add a roughage degradation agent to each 400 kg of feed, as potato flour replaces some corn flour in the formula. Even though potato flour has lower nutritional value than corn, the degradation agent helps enhance its digestibility. Before feeding, mix the feed with 120 kg of water per 100 kg of feed, and let it sit for an hour before feeding.
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