Earthmoving machinery operating procedures
(-)-General Safety Requirements
1. Always place the clutch and gear shift in neutral before starting the engine. While driving, ensure that no one is in front of the track or under the vehicle before moving forward. When parking, make sure the machine is fully stopped and the tracks are secured.
2. Personnel must not board or disembark from the machine while it's in motion. It is also prohibited to straddle the machine or any equipment being towed. Avoid turning or lateral movement on steep slopes. Never coast downhill without control, and avoid shifting gears when going up or down a slope.
3. Never perform any maintenance or repairs under the machine while the engine is running. All repair work should be done only when the machine is stationary and properly secured.
4. When crossing over exposed pipes, cables, or wire ropes, use wooden planks or boards to protect the machine from damage.
5. If underground utilities, pipelines, or structures are encountered during work, stop immediately and report to the relevant authorities for proper handling. Never attempt to move or dig objects buried underground.
6. If the engine stops on a slope, secure the machine with the track plugged and the bucket lowered. When leaving the operator’s seat, lower the bucket and turn off the engine to prevent accidents.
7. Wire ropes must not be used as general-purpose ropes. If the winch rope becomes twisted, re-wind it carefully. Replace the rope if wear or corrosion exceeds acceptable limits.
(2) Tractor
1. When towing unattended machinery, no one should sit on the object being pulled. Do not drive if anyone is between the tractor and the towed equipment. When using a wire rope to pull heavy loads, ensure all personnel are at a safe distance before proceeding.
2. The connection between the tractor and the equipment being towed must be strong and secure.
3. For special components, assign a dedicated person to oversee and direct the operation.
(3) Bulldozer
1. When pushing soil near the edge of a slope, avoid pushing beyond the edge. After changing gears, lift the blade slightly to prevent damage.
2. Clear large rocks, obstacles, or pits from the work area before starting. When removing structures like buildings, trees, or poles, take necessary safety precautions and choose a stable location.
3. When descending a steep slope, lower the blade and reverse to maintain control.
4. Always lower the blade during maintenance. To inspect underneath, use wooden blocks to secure the blade. Never work or inspect under a suspended blade.
(4) Scraper
1. Do not travel unless the bucket is locked in the transport position. A safety wire rope must be installed between the tractor and the bucket for added security.
2. On slopes, never reverse downward to unload soil. Maintain a safe distance from the trench to prevent tipping over.
3. No one is allowed on the bucket or frame while the scraper is in operation. The plate-type bucket must not be used behind the pusher arm.
4. When working with multiple machines, keep a minimum distance of 20 meters between them for safety.
5. During maintenance or inspection, follow the same procedures as for the bulldozer blade (see "Bulldozer," Section 4).
(5) Excavator
1. Avoid digging too deep or applying excessive force with the bucket. Once the bucket is full, do not change the boom angle.
2. Never rotate the bucket while it is in contact with the ground or scrape the surface with the side of the bucket. Avoid side impacts with the working surface.
3. When excavating cliffs, be alert for falling rocks. Keep a safe distance from trenches to prevent rollover hazards.
4. When unloading, lower the bucket and place it into the truck bed. Open the bottom gate to release the material. Never cross over the bucket from the cab. Do not unload if there are people or obstacles nearby.
5. When moving an excavator, stop the rotating platform, align the boom parallel to the tracks, and ensure the machine head is no more than 1 meter above the ground. When going uphill, position the drive wheels at the rear left. When going downhill, place the drive wheels at the front and the boom at the back. Slopes should not exceed 20 degrees in either direction.
6. When the excavator is not in use, always lower the bucket to the ground. Never leave it hanging in the air.
7. Monitor hydraulic systems closely during operation to ensure smooth and safe performance.
(6) Universal Loader
1. Never overload the loader. Even if the load is within weight limits, avoid carrying unstable or oddly shaped items that could tip over.
2. Do not lift cargo when the forks are tilted forward. Never drive with the forks not fully retracted. Always apply the brakes before lifting. Keep the bucket or forks 300–400 mm above the ground when driving, and ensure no one is on the forks or bucket.
3. Approach the load slowly within 8–4 meters and use low speed to pick up materials. If pushing is needed, avoid applying too much force.
4. Ensure the center of gravity of the load is centered between the two fork arms. Never lift a load with just one fork arm.
5. If the machine loses stability and the wheels lift off the ground, immediately drop the load to prevent further danger.
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