Steel such as stainless steel is refined under normal pressure

Steel refining, particularly for stainless steel under normal atmospheric pressure, does not require a vacuum environment. However, it can achieve a wide range of refining effects such as decarburization, deoxidation, desulfurization, removal of inclusions, and precise control of chemical composition and temperature. Several key refining methods are commonly used under normal pressure conditions: 1. **Synthetic Slag Washing**: This is one of the early techniques developed for off-furnace refining. A synthetic slag is placed in the ladle, and the kinetic energy of the molten steel is used to create an emulsion between the steel and slag. This increases the contact area between the two phases, accelerating the refining reactions and effectively removing sulfur and oxygen. 2. **Ladle Argon Stirring**: To enhance deoxidation efficiency, argon gas is injected from the bottom of the ladle, creating strong stirring that helps float inclusions to the surface. This process ensures a more uniform temperature and composition throughout the molten steel. 3. **Slag Addition with Synthetic Slag**: To prevent re-oxidation and contamination during argon blowing, this method is often combined with the previous ones. When the slag is introduced through a hood, it's known as the SAB method; when added from the ladle cover, it’s called the CBA method. Both techniques help reduce the overall oxygen content in medium- and low-carbon steels, including low-alloy steels. They also allow for precise control of alloying elements and deoxidizers, enabling the production of low-nitrogen steel when integrated with a converter. 4. **LF (Ladle Furnace) Method**: This involves arc heating, argon stirring, and temperature control. It promotes efficient metallurgical reactions, reduces oxygen levels, and removes inclusions effectively, making it a popular choice in modern steelmaking. 5. **Dusting Refining Method**: Also known as ladle jet metallurgy, this technique includes processes like TN, CBA/TN, and others where alloying elements and refining agents are added directly into the ladle. It enhances the efficiency of refining operations. 6. **Stainless Steel Refining Methods**: The AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization) method is widely used for refining stainless steel under normal pressure. Building upon AOD, the CIU (Combined Injection Unit) method was developed. While similar in furnace design and smelting process, the main difference lies in the use of steam instead of argon gas in the CIU method. Refining under normal pressure plays a crucial role in achieving high-quality steel products. These methods not only improve the cleanliness and homogeneity of the molten steel but also contribute to better energy efficiency and environmental performance in steel production. **Concerned about surprises** **Label:** Stainless steel refining method **Previous:** Complete mechanical properties of stainless steel 301 **Next:** Overview of domestic steel number representation method knowledge

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