Prolonged production cuts hard to hit the market panic oil price inverted V reversal
Saudi Oil Minister Falih said that OPEC+ agreed to continue to work hard to stabilize the market in the second half of this year. The fundamentals of the oil market are still healthy. Saudi Arabia is committed to making every effort to stabilize the oil market. Confidence in discussions with several major oil producers: We will take the necessary steps to maintain market stability after June by lowering current high inventory levels. The survey showed that Saudi Arabia's crude oil output increased by 170,000 barrels per day to 9.96 million barrels per day. In addition, Iran's crude oil output in May decreased by 230,000 barrels per day to 2.32 million barrels per day. In May, OPEC crude oil output remained at 30.26 million barrels / day unchanged. Support for early trading of TOCOM crude oil futures all the way back. In the evening, the final value of the US Markit manufacturing PMI in May was the lowest since September 2009. The final value of the output sub-index was the lowest since June 2016. The final value of the new order sub-index has fallen into the shrinking range for the first time since August 2009. . At the same time, the US ISM manufacturing index fell to 52.1 in May, the lowest since October 2016. The intraday gains narrowed. Russian government sector: Russian oil output fell by 317,000 barrels per day compared to October 2018, with the goal of complying with OPEC+'s oil production reduction agreement. TOCOM Middle East Oil Futures 1909 contract opened at 38,940 yen, down 500 yen, or 1.28%, from the settlement price.
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Purified water System One of the basic considerations in the design of a system is the type of product that is to be manufactured. For parenteral products where there is a concern for pyrogens, it is expected that Water for Injection will be used. This applies to the formulation of products, as well as to the final washing of components and equipment used in their manufacture. Distillation and Reverse Osmosis (RO) filtration are the only acceptable methods listed in the USP for producing Water for Injection. However, in the bulk Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology industries and some foreign companies, Ultra Filtration (UF) is employed to minimize endotoxins in those drug substances that are administered parenterally.
For some ophthalmic products, such as the ophthalmic irrigating solution, and some inhalation products, such as Sterile Water for Inhalation, where there are pyrogen specifications, it is expected that Water for Injection be used in their formulation. However, for most inhalation and ophthalmic products, purified water is used in their formulation. This also applies to topicals, cosmetics and oral products.
Another design consideration is the temperature of the system. It is recognized that hot (65 – 80℃) systems are self sanitizing. While the cost of other systems may be less expensive for a company, the cost of maintenance, testing and potential problems may be greater than the cost of energy saved.
Whether a system is circulating or one-way is also an important design consideration. Obviously, water in constant motion is less liable to have high levels of contaminant. A one-way water system is basically a "dead-leg".
Finally, and possibly the most important consideration, is the risk assessment or level of quality that is desired. It should be recognized that different products require different quality waters. Parenterals require very pure water with no endotoxins. Topical and oral products require less pure water and do not have a requirement for endotoxins. Even with topical and oral products there are factors that dictate different qualities for water. For example, preservatives in antacids are marginally effective, so more stringent microbial limits have to be set. The quality control department should assess each product manufactured with the water from their system and determine the microbial action limits based on the most microbial sensitive product. In lieu of stringent water action limits in the system the manufacturer can add a microbial reduction step in the manufacturing process for the sensitive drug product(s).
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