It is well known that rare earths have optical electromagnetic functions that are difficult to compare with other materials. They are widely used in emerging fields such as electronics, new energy, environmental protection, and laser materials. Commonly used rare earth materials include rare earth luminescent materials, polishing materials, permanent magnet materials, and hydrogen storage. Materials, etc., especially the third generation of high-performance NdFeB permanent magnet materials have become an important part of the upstream of various energy-saving and environmental protection sub-industrial chains such as wind power generation, energy-saving elevators, energy-saving environmental protection air conditioners, new energy vehicles, and EPS. According to speculation, the average annual growth rate of high-capacity NdFeB in China from 2012 to 2014 is above 25%. By 2014, the total demand will increase to about 32,000 tons, and the market size will reach more than 17 billion yuan.



Because of its special optical and electromagnetic properties, rare earth is a "treasure house" for the development of various new functional materials, and is constantly deriving new high-tech industries.




On the 19th, Japanese researchers announced that seabed mud containing high concentrations of rare earths was found on the seabed in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. This is the first discovery of seafloor mud containing rare earths in the seas outside the Pacific Ocean, which confirms that rare earths are likely to be widely distributed in the global ocean. The seabed mud is at a water depth of about 5,600 meters, the highest concentration reaches 1113ppm (parts per million), and the uniform concentration also reaches about 700ppm, similar to the concentration of rare earth in the Pacific Ocean. This is the first discovery of seafloor mud containing rare earths in the seas outside the Pacific Ocean, which confirms that rare earths are likely to be widely distributed in the global ocean.




Formed by the flow of the Indian Ocean Ridge




Compared with the Pacific Ocean, the location of rare earths in this site is deeper and mining is more difficult. Its rare earth concentration is similar to that of the Pacific Ocean, and it is several times that of China's terrestrial deposits. Especially rare rare earth elements such as thorium are very rich.




Researchers believe that the iron oxide and other substances emitted from the central sea ridge will absorb the rare earth in the seawater and accumulate in the surrounding area. The rare earth discovered this time is formed by the flow of the ridge in the center of the Indian Ocean. The ridge is also known as the seamount, and is located in the ridge of the center of the ocean.




Kato Taihao pointed out: "This shows that the seabed mud containing rare earth is not unique to the Pacific Ocean. It is of great significance. Other seamounts may also find rare earth deposits that can be developed."




Rare earth materials are widely used in laser materials




At present, about 90% of laser materials are related to rare earths. Among the 45 kinds of laser materials that have been commercialized internationally, rare earth laser materials account for more than 30 kinds, and have been widely used in the fields of optical communication, precision processing, medical and military technology. .




The laser crystal is composed of a crystal matrix and activated ions. The laser function of the laser crystal has a great relationship with the properties of the crystal matrix and the activated ions. Currently known laser crystals can be roughly classified into three types: fluoride crystals, oxyacid salt crystals, and oxide crystals. Activated ions can be classified into transition metal ions, rare earth ions, and lanthanide ions. Of the approximately 320 laser crystals currently known, about 290 are doped with rare earths as activating ions. The important role of rare earth in the development of laser crystal materials can be seen.




Among the rare earth elements, there are eleven trivalent ions of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb, and three divalent ions of Sm, Dy, and Tm. The laser function of rare earths is due to the transition of 4f electrons of rare earth ions between different energy levels. Because many rare earth ions have abundant energy levels and their 4f electron transitions, making rare earths an indispensable activating ion for laser crystals, providing high-tech, high-power, LD-pumped, tunable, new A rare earth doped laser crystal such as a wavelength. The high-power rare-earth laser crystals are mainly yttrium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), yttrium-doped yttrium aluminate (Nd:YAP), aluminum-doped garnet (Nd:GGG) and yttrium-doped magnesium aluminate strontium ( Nd: LMA) and so on. Among them, Nd:YAG is the most important, the most widely used, the largest amount. Foreign countries have already invested in production. In the United States, Nd:YAG crystals have been commercialized, and the quality of new products is not chaotic, occupying the international market. Tunable laser crystals are also very eye-catching. A tunable ultraviolet laser is obtained from crystals such as Ce:YLF and Ce:LaF3 using a broadband transition of Ce ions. The most efficient and continuously tunable UV laser crystals are Ce:LiCAF, Ce:LiSAF.




Commonly used in rare earth activated ions are Nd ions, which have an output wavelength of 1.06 μm. For many years, people have been exploring new wavelength laser crystals. Among them, laser crystals doped with Er and Ho, which are relatively successful and have practical applications. The wavelengths of these crystal outputs are safe to the human eye, good in atmospheric transmission characteristics, strong in smoke penetration to the battlefield, and good in confidentiality, suitable for military use. Moreover, its wavelength is easily absorbed by water, which is more suitable for laser medical treatment, and will also be applied in surface dehydration and bioengineering. At present, China has a small batch of trial production capability for Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG, Er:YAG and Ho:Er:Tm:YLF, but at the end of the formation of batch products, it is likely to further develop in the future!

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