Flood disaster prevention knowledge points

I. Major public health impacts

(I) Direct impact on population health

1. Casualties

If the transfer is timely, it will not be easy to cause direct casualties;

2. Infectious disease epidemic

One is the impact of the source of infection. As floods inundated or destroyed water and drinking water facilities, it was difficult for people in disaster areas to obtain safe drinking water. At the same time, floods and floods also changed food sources, processing and storage conditions, and the food safety of the people in the affected areas also had hidden dangers, causing cholera and typhoid fever. High incidence of intestinal infectious diseases such as dysentery and hepatitis A; epidemic areas of certain infectious diseases, migration and expansion of rodents and other pathogenic hosts, changes in the population of rodents, changes in the habitat of wild rodents, hooking The prevalence of natural epidemic diseases such as spirochete disease and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Floods and floods also have a direct impact on the epidemic of schistosomiasis. For example, acute schistosomiasis is often caused by flood control and flooding of migrants who break the mouth and restore dikes.

The second is the influence of the transmission route. Floods and floods have changed the ecological environment, expanded the breeding ground for vector insects, and increased the density of various vector insects, often leading to the spread of certain infectious diseases.

The third is the influence of susceptible populations. Floods and floods lead to population migration and increase in vulnerable populations. Floods flood or flood, on the one hand, the source of infection is transferred to the non-epidemic area, and on the other hand, the susceptible population enters the affected area. The migration of this population can easily lead to the epidemic of the disease. . Influenza, measles, and malaria can all be caused by this kind of migration. Others, such as conjunctivitis and skin diseases, may also increase communication opportunities due to population intensiveness and exposure. At the same time, the harsh living environment has caused an increase in vulnerable populations. Floods have destroyed houses. The victims temporarily lived in tents in rough tents, exposed to the sun during the day, and stayed outdoors at night. In addition, their nutritional status was poor, the immunity of the organism was reduced, and the disease was resistant. The decline in force makes it easy for infectious diseases to occur. Especially frail, children and chronic patients are more susceptible to disease.

3. Chronic non-communicable diseases

Most of the floods and floods occurred in the hot and rainy season, and the weather conditions were extremely poor. In addition, the living conditions of the affected people were crowded and simple, which could easily lead to mood anxiety, emotional unease, mental stress and psychological depression, affecting the body's regulating function, and easily leading to some non- Increased seizure opportunities for infectious and chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and anemia can all recur or worsen.

4. Accidental injuries

Mainly caused by incidents such as drowning, electric shock, heat stroke, trauma, poisonous insect bite, snake bite, food poisoning, pesticide poisoning and other incidents.

5. Skin diseases

Such as impregnating dermatitis ("bad rotten", "Rotten crotch"), solar dermatitis, insect bite dermatitis, cercaria dermatitis.

(B) Indirect effects on population health

1. Environmental damage

Floods flooded, flooded farmland, houses and depressions, and large-scale migration of people in the disaster-stricken areas; various biological groups also caused changes in community structure and habitat changes due to flooding, thus breaking the original ecological balance. Some of the wild rodents were drowned and some migrated to the highlands and villages. The proportion structure of the wild rodents and rats was greatly changed; the floods flooded the village's toilets, septic tanks, and the decay of a large number of plants and animal carcasses caused breeding of mosquitoes and flies. And the accumulation of various pests.

2. Water pollution

Flood and waterlogging disasters have caused water supply facilities and sewage discharge conditions to be destroyed to varying degrees, such as flooding of waterworks, drinking water wells, toilets, garbage dumps, livestock sheds, and serious contamination of well water and tap water springs. A large number of floating objects and animal carcasses remain on the surface of the water. After being exposed to high temperatures and sunshine, the odor of corruption escapes. The pollution of these water sources is dominated by biological pollution, which is mainly reflected in the increase in the number of microbiological indicators, the decrease in the safety of drinking water, and the outbreak and epidemic of intestinal infectious diseases. The flood also flushes a lot of sediment on the ground into the water, causing the water body to have poor sensory properties, muddy turbidity, and suspended matter. Some industrial waste water, waste residues, pesticides and other chemicals in industrially developed areas in urban and rural areas are not handled and disposed of in time. Submergence may cause chemical pollution of the local water environment, or the storage of toxic chemicals in individual areas is flooded. Leakage caused a wide range of chemical pollution.

3. Food contamination

During flood and flood disasters, the sources and sources of food contamination are very extensive. They have a serious impact on all aspects of food production and operation and can often lead to a wide range of food poisoning accidents and outbreaks of food-borne diseases.

One is the contamination of food raw materials. Various food warehouses are submerged, damp or leaking, resulting in the occurrence of mildew, spoilage, and deterioration of large quantities of food materials. Long-term immersion of field crops in floodwaters is likely to cause mildew and spoilage under conditions of high temperature and high humidity.

The second is food production and operation process pollution. At the time of the flood, various food production equipment, food packaging materials and containers were contaminated, especially in the case of production equipment, facilities, toilets, sewers and wells being flooded at the same time, the pollution situation was even more serious, and the production enterprises lacked clean water. Causes contaminated water to contaminate food ingredients.

The third is the deterioration of living conditions. Various animal carcasses, human and animal feces, and various wastes that exist in the water; rodents gather in food factories, warehouses, and families due to flooding; and the victims temporarily live in high places and dams, with high population density, mixed human and livestock, and breeding of mosquitoes and flies. The lack of sanitary protection facilities for the victims, lack of clean water, and unclean containers and utensils for food are all possible sources of food contamination. In the early days of floods and floods, temporary food shortages often occurred. The victims were hungry and had no choice but to eat the bodies of dead poultry, livestock, fish, shellfish and other wild animals that floated on the water.

Fourth, food transportation and storage pollution. In the event of flooding, for the purpose of emergency rescue, various types of vehicles were temporarily transported to transport disaster-relief foods. Most of these vehicles were not food transport vehicles and lacked the necessary protective facilities. In combination with heavy rains, foods were easily contaminated. In addition, due to the lack of suitable warehouses for storing food, most of the disaster-relief foods are temporarily sheltered by rain or stacked in tents and are vulnerable to mildew or spoilage.

Fifth, it is difficult to guarantee the quality of food assistance . A large number of rescue foods shipped from overseas have a wide range of sources, different food packaging, and different lengths of storage and transportation. Some long-distance transportation of foreign aid foods often leads to deterioration of foods. Rescue foods such as fresh meat, fish and their cooked meats, cooked fish, shellfish, frozen meat, fish, etc., in the absence of frozen and refrigerated facilities, there are many ways and opportunities for microbial contamination, and growth and reproduction are fast and easy. Spoilage has led to foodborne diseases.

Sixth, the food hygiene management system was affected. When the floods flooded, the original food hygiene management network set up according to the administrative regions was overwhelmed by power, or was loose because of floods, which directly affected food hygiene management and publicity guidance. In addition, during the flood period, food hygiene supervision in the food production and marketing departments and trade markets was out of control, resulting in a significant decline in the hygiene quality of food production and operation. This is also an important factor in food contamination.

4. Media breeding

One is the breeding of mosquitoes. In the later part of the disaster, the number of pits remaining after flood receding increased, mosquito breeding sites increased, mosquito density increased rapidly, and people’s living conditions deteriorated. Population density, mixed human and livestock, poor protection conditions, and mosquito bites. Increased opportunities have led to the occurrence of mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The second is fly breeding. In flood areas, crowds, poultry, and livestock live in high places on the embankment. Excrement and garbage cannot be removed and the living environment deteriorates, providing a good breeding ground for flies. This has led to a dramatic increase in the density of adult flies, frequent contact between flies and humans, and high potential for fly-borne infectious diseases. The third is the increase in rodent contact. During the flood season, the rats migrated to the highlands. As a result, the mice and wild mice were mixed and exposed, and there were many opportunities for contact with humans. This may result in outbreaks and epidemics of rodent-borne diseases.

5. Reduced access to medical and public health services

In flooded areas, the normal order of the original medical and health services is damaged, service facilities and equipment are damaged, and medical and health service personnel suffer disasters at the same time, which may cause timely treatment for the sick people in the affected areas and routine public health services such as maternal and child Health care, planned immunity, etc. cannot be carried out normally.

(3) Destruction of Medical Service System

1. Impact on medical service capabilities. Flood and waterlogging disasters may cause flooding of the medical and health service institutions, facilities, equipment, and medicines that cannot be used, thus affecting the health care service capabilities of the affected areas.

2. Changes in demand for health services. The floods and floods have changed the normal living environment and deterioration of living conditions of the affected people and are prone to various diseases.

(IV) Indirect effects on public health service systems

1. Destroyed water system facilities. Floods and floods can damage urban water supply and power facilities and equipment, and can also damage traditional water sources, leading to the lack of drinking water, and affecting the normal operation of public health service systems.

2. Floods and floods can also inundate road traffic, smash communication facilities, and cause the timeliness of medical and health services to be affected.

Second, the main health emergency measures

(1) Rescuing and treating patients

Floods and floods can cause serious casualties. The medical and health departments should organize specialized medical teams to go to the front line for disease prevention and relief, actively organize rescue and treatment, and reduce casualties. When the epidemic situation is grasped in a timely manner and infectious patients are found, they should be treated symptomatically and take appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of second-generation patients.

(B) Strengthen drinking water hygiene measures

1. Water selection and protection  

The drinking water source water intake point should be selected in the flood waters or the less polluted water areas in the inner area, and a certain range should be designated. It is forbidden to discharge manure, sewage and garbage in this area. In areas where conditions permit, it is advisable to set up a water terminal at the water point so that water can be taken from a certain distance from the shore.

2. Selection of water sources after water withdrawal  

In areas without tap water, use well water as a drinking water source as much as possible. Wells should have wells, wells, and covers. Within 30m of the well, toilets, pens, and other facilities that may contaminate groundwater are prohibited. There should be a dedicated bucket for water intake. Conditional areas can extend existing tap water supply lines.

3. Purification of drinking water  

Boil is a very effective method of sterilization and can still be used where there is fuel. Filtering can be used when conditions permit. However, during the flood disaster, the main method of drinking water disinfection is the use of disinfectants.

4. Strengthen disinfection of water supply facilities  

Before the flooded water or water supply facilities are reactivated, they must be cleaned and sterilized, and checked for bacteriological indicators before they can be used. Flooded wells must be dredged, rinsed and sterilized. Dry the well and remove the mud. Rinse the wellbore wall and the bottom of the well with clean water. Drain the sewage. After the well has naturally seeped the water to the normal water level, disinfect it according to the normal disinfection method and put it into normal use.

(III) Measures to strengthen food hygiene

1. Flooding areas need to focus on the prevention of the following food poisoning

The first is mildew food poisoning caused by mycotoxins: it is often caused by the consumption of moldy rice or wheat.

The second is bacterial food poisoning: it is often caused by animal foods, dead livestock and poultry meat, and cooked foods (such as rice and vegetables) that are not well-refrigerated (such as meat and egg foods) and stored for a long time.

Third, chemical food poisoning: generally caused by eating toxic substances.

Due to changes in environmental conditions in the affected areas and the conditions of temporary residence, pesticides, nitrites, and other industrial chemicals are easily eaten. The fourth is toxic and plant-based food poisoning: eating pig thyroid, adrenal and toxic fish can cause toxic animal food poisoning; eating unheated soybean milk, lentils or edible bitter almonds, sprouting potatoes, and poisonous mushrooms. Causes toxic plant food poisoning.

2. On-site treatment measures for food poisoning

First, the patient's treatment and report: The patient's emergency treatment mainly includes emesis, gastric lavage, enema and symptomatic treatment and special detoxification drug treatment. The contents of the food poisoning report include the location, time, number, typical symptoms and signs, treatment status, poisoned food, and measures taken. At the same time, attention should be paid to collecting patient specimens for submission.

The second is to stop eating poisoned foods: Poisoned foods or suspected poisoned foods sealed at the scene shall be eaten until the investigation confirms that they are not poisoned foods; they shall notify the recall or stop eating poisoned foods or suspected poisoned foods in other places.

Third, the disinfection of food and the environment: the harmless treatment or destruction of poisoned foods, and the disinfection of the poisoning sites. Bacterial food poisoning, solid foods can be boiled sterilized handle 15 ~ 30min; available bleach disinfection liquid food, waste after disinfection. Tableware can be boiled for 15 to 30 minutes . It can also be sterilized with bleaching powder ( 1 serving of feces and 2 servings of disinfectant mixed for 2 hours ). The surrounding environment can be spray-sterilized with peracetic acid. Chemical or toxic plant and animal food poisoning will cause deep poisoning of toxic poisons.

3. Strengthen food hygiene supervision and management in disaster areas  

In particular, food production and sales units that have not passed water should clean and disinfect food equipment, containers, and the environment. They can only be opened after acceptance by the local health administrative department, and strengthen the supervision of their food and raw materials to prevent food contamination and the use of mildew. Deteriorating raw materials.

4. Conduct publicity and education on the prevention of food poisoning  

Mainly promote foods that are inedible, including: foods that have been soaked in water; dead livestock and poultry, aquatic products; decayed vegetables and fruits that have been flooded; and unclear and non-specialized food containers and packaging. Foods with food marks; rice, wheat, corn, peanuts, etc. that are seriously moldy (with a moldy rate of more than 30% ); other foods that have spoiled and spoiled, and mushrooms that cannot be identified as poisonous.

  (D) Strengthen Environmental Sanitation Measures

1. Sanitation requirements for victims' shelters

First, we must first choose safe and high-risk locations, and build temporary shelters such as tents, tents, and simple housing, so that we can resettle and improve afterwards.

Second, shelters such as huts should be able to cover wind and rain. The roof of the shed should not be pressed against bricks, stones, or other heavy objects. It should also meet the requirements for ventilation and night lighting. The South should try to reduce room temperature and prevent heat stroke. The north should pay attention to keep warm and cold at night. The stove should be placed in a safe place and be guarded to prevent fire.

Third, it is best to resettle according to the original living conditions: to maintain the original system, according to the number of households, mutual understanding between the cadres and between households, organized and leaders to solve health problems. Pay attention to the sanitation of the living environment. Do not urinate and dump waste water anywhere. Do not keep livestock and poultry in the shed. Fourth, if there are conditions, permanent housing can be built in one step: the health department should do preventive health supervision work. For the new residential villages, the planning can be done in accordance with the national "village planning standards" and "health standards for rural housing". Designing health reviews and proposing construction, in terms of address selection, functional zoning, sanitation facilities and housing construction, is not only suitable for the needs of residents in production and living, but also enables new villages and dwellings to meet hygiene requirements.

2. Toilet hygiene and excrement disposal measures

First, select appropriate locations, reasonable layout, suit measures to local conditions, draw materials locally, build emergency temporary toilets, and require that the septic tanks do not leak (or use pottery jars, plastic buckets, etc. as septic tanks). Commercialized mobile toilets are available when conditions permit.

The second is to make use of the existing storage facilities to store the excrement. If there is no excrement storage facility, the excrement can be mixed with the sludge and then sealed with plastic film or covered with a plastic film. The drainage ditches can be dug around to prevent rainwater from soaking and scouring. In case of emergency, excavate a round earth pit at a suitable slightly high spot, use a waterproof plastic film as the lining of the land, extend the film to the pit along the extension of 20cm , press it down with soil, put the manure into the pool for storage, seal and ferment. deal with. The feces can also be collected in containers with larger capacity such as plastic buckets and wooden barrels. After filling, the feces can be filled, sent to designated locations for temporary storage, and transported out after the flood. When conditional, use motorized manure trucks to remove them in time.

Third, contaminated patients with infectious diseases must be collected in special containers and disinfected. Disposal of the excrement of the diaspora: The ratio of excrement to bleach is 5 : 1 . After thorough mixing, concentrate and bury; add the same amount of lime powder into the excrement, stir and then concentrate. The excrement of the ship's residents should be collected and sent to the shore for disposal. It must not be poured into the water to prevent the spread of disease.

3. Garbage Collection and Processing Methods

First, according to the actual situation of the disaster victims gathering point, a rational collection of garbage collection sites, available brick rubbish pools, metal trash cans (boxes) or plastic garbage bags to collect household garbage, a special person responsible for cleaning, transportation, and daily production of the sun.

The second is to timely transport the garbage, select the place where the terrain is relatively high to compost and cover it with plastic film. Drain ditches around and use drugs to disinfect insects and control the breeding of flies.

Third, some infectious garbage can be disposed of by burning.

4. Treatment of human and animal carcasses

The bodies of normal deaths should be transported as soon as possible for cremation. For those who have died of Class A and B infectious diseases, they should be sanitized and disinfected, and they should be shipped out of cremation as quickly as possible. Livestock poultry and other animal carcasses cleared during environmental cleanup are treated with bleaching powder or quicklime and then buried deep.

5. The environmental clean-up work after the flood receded

After the water receded, a mass patriotic health campaign was launched. On the basis of extensive health education, villages and households in flooded areas must undergo a thorough cleanup of indoor and outdoor environments so that where the floodwater retreats, the environment will be cleared. Where to follow, eliminate, kill, and destroy work.

The first is to clean up the outdoor environment: repairing roads, draining water, filling pits, removing rubbish, removing weeds, dredging ditches, removing mud from wells, rehabilitating toilets and other health infrastructure, and burying dead bodies Environmental disinfection is carried out to eliminate the risk factors of the disease, so that the environmental sanitation of the disaster area can be restored to the pre-disaster level in the short term.

The second is that for households in flooded areas, after the water recedes, the quality of the original housing is first checked by a specialist to confirm its firmness. Then open the doors and windows, ventilation, cleaning furniture, clean up the interior items, renovate the family toilets, repair the livestock sheds, clean the interior and courtyards, and remove dirt and waste. If necessary, disinfect the walls and floors of the room. Daily products brought back to indoor and temporary shelters can be boiled or sun exposed. After the room is ventilated and dry, fresh air is allowed to move in.

6. Disinfection

Since floods cause mixed contamination of various microorganisms, among which intestinal pathogenic microorganisms predominate, special attention must be paid to the disinfection of food, drinking water, and living environments. In the selection of disinfection methods and disinfectants, the requirements are simple, cheap, and adequate supply. Disease prevention and control departments at all levels should have specific division of labor and do a good job of disinfection organization. First of all, special personnel should be responsible for the protection of water and drinking water disinfection, while doing a good job in environmental sanitation. The flooded houses and public places should be classified as sanitation and disinfection work. Responsible for the special person to do a good job of centralized supply, preparation and distribution of disinfectants, do a good job in the dissemination of common sense of disinfection, organize the masses to implement disinfection measures and specifically guide its correct use.

(5) Control of infectious diseases

1. Strengthen preventive interventions in disaster areas  

Strengthen environmental sanitation management, remove garbage and dirt, bury animal carcasses, conduct manure and livestock management, and improve the living environment. Actively protect water sources and carry out well-drilling or drinking water disinfection so that the victims have clean drinking water.

2. Control the source of infection and block the route of transmission   

In some infectious disease epidemic areas, there should be a focus on controlling the source of infection, carrying out rodent deterrent activities in the natural epidemic source areas, clearing breeding grounds for mosquitoes and flies in intensively-affected villages and dams, and effectively controlling and eradicating vector-borne pests. Strengthen food hygiene management to prevent "diseases from the mouth" and control the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

3. Strengthen epidemic surveillance and establish an epidemic reporting network  

Establish epidemic monitoring sites in key disaster-prone areas or epidemic-prone areas, closely monitor epidemic dynamics, report on epidemics and epidemic monitoring. During the extraordinary period of floods and floods, special attention must be paid to maintaining the sensitivity of epidemic monitoring systems. This is a good job in disaster prevention and disease prevention. The premise. Feedback information in a timely manner, timely notification and alarm, in order to take preventive decisions.

4. Improve the level of immunity in the population and exert the efficacy of planned immunity  

The floods destroyed the cold chain equipment and data for planned immunization in the disaster areas, disturbed the normal working procedures, dispersed the victims and made it difficult to control the level of population immunity. It is necessary to carry out emergency vaccination and medication prevention for certain diseases, and to carry out targeted immunizations and preventive medications to control the outbreak of infectious diseases in the affected areas.

5. Strengthen the health protection of special populations

Strengthen the health protection of special populations and protect the health of the victims   Children, the elderly, the weak, the sick, the disabled and the pregnant women and other special people have poor body resistance. Due to excessive fatigue and stress during the disaster, the environment is poor, malnutrition, unsteady life, sun, rain and insect bites, and day and night cannot rest. In the body and outside the cause of disease is extremely susceptible to disease. Therefore, it is necessary to take preventive health care and control the epidemic of this kind of special population.

6. strengthen epidemic surveillance of the floating population

Strengthen the monitoring of the epidemic situation of the floating population and prevent the spread of the epidemic.

7. Vigorously carry out patriotic health campaigns to improve hygiene conditions in temporary residences

Vigorously carrying out patriotic health campaigns and improving hygiene conditions in temporary residences are important links in reducing the occurrence of diseases. It is also necessary to carry out publicity and education on health knowledge, develop good hygiene habits for the victims, advocate not drinking raw water, and wash their hands before going to bed.

  (VI) Vector biological control

1. Main measures for preventing mosquitoes

First, environmental governance;

Second, anti-mosquito repellent: conditional disaster areas, install screen doors, screens, or use of mosquito nets soaked in medicine; lit mosquito coils before sleeping (or electric mosquito coils); can also be coated with mosquito repellents on the body Exposed sites.

The third is the indoor (tent inside), outside the drug spray: such as dichlorvos, fighting sodium, trichlorphyrin and so on.

2 fly prevention measures

The first is to clean up the environment and reduce breeding places.

The second is indoor (inside the tent), outside the drug spray, can also use fly paper, sticky flies, fly traps or fly trap artificial fly traps.

3. Anti-mouse measures  

Temporary settlements during the flood season are special circumstances. When carrying out rodent control, attention should be paid to:

The first is the use of multi-purpose devices to eradicate rats, such as rat cage clamps, but can not use electronic cats, not to pull the grid from the mouse. At this time, the mouse hole is shallow and it is easy to take water. It is also possible to fill holes with water or mud.

The second is to use poison baits with caution: When the mouse density is high, or when the population is seriously threatened by the disease of the mouse, it should be based on strict organization and full propaganda based on bait rodent control.

The third is to ensure the safety of people and livestock: can not use cooked food to prepare bait, poison bait must have a warning color. Feeding work should be carried out by trained rodents, and the feeding site should have an eye-catching record, search for dead rats in time after poisoning, manage poultry, keep good food, and take good care of children. When the feeding is finished, the remaining bait should be collected, burned or buried in a suitable location. The health department must prepare for poisoning and first aid. To prevent rodents from leaving the rodents after death, it is best to spray insecticides in residential areas while rodents are being killed.

  (7) Health Education

Flood education in flood-stricken areas is an important guarantee for the implementation of relief and disease prevention measures. Health education must be compatible with the extraordinary period of time, the very environment and the very object. The content of education should not only be adapted to the psychology, culture, and quality of the target of education, but also carefully organized according to changes in disaster conditions, weather, diseases, health services, and changes in the level of demand for health education. Flood education in disaster-hit areas should be led by disaster relief and disease prevention leading groups at all levels. Local governments and relevant departments shall participate in the village and residents groups to form a vertical relationship between provinces, prefectures (towns), counties, townships, villages, and villagers groups. , and horizontal links between health, news, publishing, education, culture, industry and commerce, business, finance, finance, trade unions, women's federations, the Communist Youth League, and self-employed associations. During the floods and floods, it is necessary to establish a professional team for health education and provide full-time or part-time personnel for health education to ensure that health education measures are implemented to promote the completion of disaster relief and disease prevention tasks.

This article is edited and compiled by China Rescue Equipment Network. Please indicate the link.